On 1 July 2025, NIWA merged with GNS Science to become Earth Sciences New Zealand.

Freshwater

We provide public information on river, lake, and groundwater conditions across New Zealand including freshwater quantity and quality.

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    Mitigation and best practice options

    Some simple steps to minimise the effects of wastewater on water quality and mahinga kai.
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    Sediment and urbanisation

    How does urbanisation increase sediments in waterways?
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    Biological limitations

    Identifying biological factors that may be limiting fish numbers requires sampling to ensure that key invertebrate prey species are not scarce and that pest fish, especially predators, are not abundant.
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    Impacts

    Diverting water changes a waterways natural flow
  • What is the proposed activity or industry?

    Various industries and land use activities have the potential to impact on water quality and mahinga kai unless properly managed.
  • Water dams

    Damming water for urban use, hydro-electric power generation, irrigation, and other industrial and commercial uses.
  • Water abstraction and agriculture

    How do agricultural activities potentially influence water flows?
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    Mitigation and best practice options

    Some simple steps to minimise the effects of aquaculture activities on water quality and mahinga kai.
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    Toitoi

    One of the most common species of freshwater fish in Aotearoa is the common bully or toitoi.
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    Water clarity

    Water clarity or turbidity is the cloudiness or haziness in a fluid caused by individual small particles (suspended solids).
  • Wood processing

    Trees are grown and converted into a range of useful timber and paper products.
  • Dry stock

    Dry stock farming consists predominantly of pasture grazing beef cattle, sheep, and deer for meat, wool, and velvet production.