Scott Base, Antarctica Antarctica is the coldest, windiest and driest continent.

Most of this climate zone is characterised by cool coastal breezes, and absence of shelter from the unsettled weather that moves over the sea from the south and southwest.

Commercial eel fishery in New Zealand began in earnest in the 1960s and expanded rapidly until the early 1970s

A range of physical and chemical variables are measured in the NRWQN.

At the age of seven, NIWA’s youngest climate scientist, Nava Fedaeff, swapped sub-arctic Siberia for balmy Auckland – and her first job was to learn to swim.

Aotearoa’s main urban areas cover approximately 2% of total available land.

Explore our education and information section to find out about climate and climate change, weather, our atmosphere, estuaries and more.

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Identifying biological factors that may be limiting fish numbers requires sampling to ensure that key invertebrate prey species are not scarce and that pest fish, especially predators, are not abundant.

Southland is both the most southerly and most westerly part of New Zealand and generally is the first to be influenced by weather systems moving onto the country from the west or south.

Trees are grown and converted into a range of useful timber and paper products.

NIWA oceanographer Dr Cliff Law explains the impacts of ocean acidification on organisms that use carbonates to build their shells, and on bacteria.