On 1 July 2025, NIWA merged with GNS Science to become Earth Sciences New Zealand.

Methane and the carbon cycle

Diagram showing the movement of carbon in pastoral agriculture. Carbon flows reflect a near-steady state (units:t(C)/ha/yr). Flows to or from the atmosphere are CO2 except where indicated. Source: Tony Parsons, AgResearch, based on Parsons & Chapman (2000).