On 1 July 2025, NIWA merged with GNS Science to become Earth Sciences New Zealand.

Measuring dissolved oxygen and nitrogen, and measuring water clarity

Deborah Ballantine
Top: Junior hydrology technician Jeremy Rutherford measures dissolved oxygen and water temperature in a river water sample. [Graham Timpany] Bottom: Visual water clarity is measured as the distance underwater one can see a black disc viewed horizontially using an underwater periscope.