On 1 July 2025, NIWA merged with GNS Science to become Earth Sciences New Zealand.

ICU148 ENSO

Surface temperature anomalies (ºC) for December 2012, data is from the NOAA OISST Version 2 dataset, available at the NOAA’s Climate Data Center (ftp.cdc.noaa.gov/Datasets/noaa.oisst.v2.highres).