Atmosphere

Descriptions of the common terms that explain the processes that occur in hydrology.

NIWA provides ambient air quality monitoring services using low-cost ODIN (Outdoor Dust Information Node) sensors.

The UV Index is a measure of the intensity of UV radiation. The larger the number, the more intense the UV. In New Zealand, its maximum summer value is generally about 12, but it can exceed 13 in the far North. In winter it reaches peak values of 1 or 2. Values of 10 or more should be considered as "extreme". At high altitude tropical sites (eg Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii), the UV Index can exceed 20.The UV Index supersedes the idea of "Time to Burn" or "Burn Time", which has been used previously in New Zealand.

The atmosphere is comprised of layers based on temperature. These layers are the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere and thermosphere.

Antarctica is experiencing stunning skyscapes like those recently seen in New Zealand, thanks to the afterglow effect from the Tongan volcano.

Plots of UV levels throughout the day at different locations.

Common questions about storms and cyclones in New Zealand.

NIWA has developed personal UV dosimeter badges to support studies relating UV exposure to human health.

More information about NIWA's UV Atlas

Climate data and common terms explaining the causes and effects of climate change.

A carbon neutral activity is one that has a carbon footprint of zero.